The Jackson 648 is seen very regularly on eBay, and few people (including myself) understand the slight differences between the 648, the 648A, the 648-1, the 648R and the 648S. There are many examples of the '648' family to be found today, as it seems Jackson manufactured this tester (in some form) for at least thirty years! Below is a small photo-gallery of various Jackson 648 tube testers.

Very old Jackson 648

Fairly old Jackson 648A

They are all emission testers 'in a round-about way', although the patented Jackson 'Dynamic' circuit is employed. I have a sneaking suspicion that this may make for a much better mousetrap, but the general consensus is that it does not. What I do understand is that the first advertisement seen above is from the July 1969 issue of Electron magazine. And, keep in mind the above price is the 'Dealer Net'. I am very afraid to even imagine what the retail price might be. You may also notice the metal cabinet 648 (upper left photo) does not appear to have a lid. I have seen a few of these very old 'plain' Jackson 648 tube testers, and they do not seem to have ever been equipped with a lid. This makes me think they were counter models, or meant for the front counter of the radio repair shop, to show customers the condition of their tubes. My Jackson 648A (upper middle) is dated '1948' inside the wooden cabinet. The later examples, such as the 648S above right, seem to be from the mid to late 1960's; I haven't had a 1950's example to note the exact model designation, or when they appear to have occurred. Below are a pair of advertisements found in many 1960's issues of magazines such as Radio-Electronics.

What you should note is that starting with the 648R, you could substitute the factory socket assembly for a reversible version! This let you 'flip over' the socket assembly, where the older tubes (4-pin, 5-pin, and the like) could be tested. The 'modern' tubes were tested on the reverse. Each side consisted of seven sockets, meaning you could test a total of fourteen different tube types. This made the 648R/648S a very versatile tester. I have heard that you could use this 'adaptor' with the 648-1 as well, but I have no first hand knowledge of this. The advertisement above left is from the November, 1964 issue of PF Reporter, and curiously enough does not show the reversible adaptor. Instead, all fourteen are crowded onto the one socket assembly. Do note that the advertisement claims the '648' is sixteen years old, making my 1948 dated version indeed the earliest possible example. Finally, below is an advertisement pulled from the December, 1965 issue of PF Reporter.

What is refreshing about this advertisement is that it is very short on 'hype'. There is no need to boast that the 648-1 as the 'latest and greatest' tube tester ever produced by one of the most respected names in test equipment. Instead, we are told the tube socket layout is designed to simplify changing, thereby practically eliminating obsolescence. Mention is made of the color-keyed panel, and the push-buttons being 'faster' to set up than rotary switches. It's hard to argue those points.

One interesting piece of trivia is the 'fact' that there is an honest-to-God tube inside your older Jackson 648 tube tester! Very few people know about it, and it is a good idea to replace it. I still haven't figured out exactly what it does, but my suspicion is it is used as an amplifier for the test signal. Why you would want to do this is a mystery; why not take a higher filament tap as your test signal? Perhaps to avoid loading down the test voltages, as the amplifier effectively isolates it from the other windings, and raises the impedance of the test signal. Anyway, below is a photograph of the interior to my 648A.

The tube is located beside a transformer used exclusively to 'run' test voltages and power the aforementioned 1S5. The transformer to the left is used exclusively for filament voltages. I rather like this setup; filament voltages cannot be loaded down by high gain tubes, nor can the test voltages be affected by high filament current tubes. Some tubes, like a 6550, draw well over a full ampere of filament current. Extreme examples include the 6528, which draws a full 5-amperes of filament current! This will definitely load down the transformer of most tube testers, and affect the readings. Having separate transformers helps keep the voltages constant and reliable, except in those extreme cases. 

A last little piece of trivia is the 'fact' that every old-time radio man I spoke with about Jackson tube testers commented that Jackson had a reputation of not having very accurate readings, with a very 'wide spread' of readings when comparing a handful of similar tubes on a Jackson and then a Hickok (as one example). Whether or not this is just a repeated urban legend is a mystery. This could be confirmed by comparing readings between, say a Jackson 648, an Eico 666, a B&K 707, and a Hickok 533. This would of course assume the each tube tester was calibrated 'properly'. All of the Jackson tube testers I have seen or own/owned still seemed like they were built pretty well. I really like the fact that on later examples the roll chart comes out from the box without taking the entire tester apart. One whole screw later, you can fix up a loose roll chart, or change over to an updated supplementary roll. If you want to see my entire Jackson tube tester collection, CLICK HERE.

Is the Jackson 'Dynamic' testing method any better than a basic emission tester? I have arranged these thoughts for your consideration. Keep in mind that this is all speculative, 'educated guesswork', and it is up to you to decide if your Jackson tube tester is giving you accurate, reliable readings. After all, isn't that why you own a tube tester in the first place?

• From the Alan Douglas book 'Tube Testers and Classic Electronic Test Gear', a section entitled 'Are Dynamic Models Better?' is the first look most of us have had at this dilemma. However, the Robert B. Tomer book 'Getting The Most Out Of Vacuum Tubes' looked at this 'problem' some forty years earlier, albeit in a very veiled way. You absolutely must read between the lines to know Mr. Tomer is specifically referring to Jackson and Eico tube testers.

The entire book 'Getting The Most Out Of Vacuum Tubes' is available as a PDF file on-line. It is well worth reading, and you can check it out by CLICKING HERE. If you simply want to get straight to the 'using a tube tester' chapter, it begins on page 113.
• According to Mr. Douglas, his experiments did not yield superior results using any 'Dynamic' tube tester. We are further told many tube testers use a testing current much higher than any circuit would, or even beyond the published data for that tube! As an example, using a Jackson 715, a 6SQ7 tube received a measured 4mA of current through the cathode during testing. Tube manuals list the plate dissipation of a 6SQ7 at 1/2 watt, with a plate current of 1.1mA! This was not the 'worst' example; a B&K 700 pummeled the 6SQ7 with 19mA! It is always a good idea to familiarize yourself with your tube tester, and note the testing voltages and currents used. This would help determine how much 'faith' you can put into any test results. 'Better' tube testers use more realistic test currents, and therefore the results are perceived to be much more accurate.
• According to Mr. Tomer, if the tube tester uses a DC indicator in the plate circuit, the reading is heavily influenced by the actual DC plate current of the tube under test (no shit, Sherlock!). This is not only measuring the amplification capabilities, but the current handling capabilities as well. This test will still weed out weak tubes. Mr. Tomer further hypothesizes two tube with 'similar' transconductance, but different plate currents; the readings would be vastly different. My question? What are you measuring? If the meter is in series with the plate circuit, you are measuring plate current. The meter should indicate if the tube amplified the idle plate current. Plus, in any decent tube tester, you do have a bias adjustment to reflect different biasing requirements. Even checking the charts for many Hickok testers, similar tubes (see the chart below) will reveal that the bias settings are not the same. Lower current tubes obviously require less bias voltage. Check out my chart below.

  Tubes	gm	Ip	Rp	Bias setting; Precise 111	Bias setting; Hickok 799	Bias setting; Eico 666
  6SN7 12AU7	2600 2200	9mA 10.5mA	7.7K	-3.6VDC -3VDC	'31' '21'	'79' '95'
  6SQ7 6C5	1175 2000	1.1mA 8mA	8.5K 10K	-1VDC -4.1VDC	'0' '22'	'22' '65'
  6AH4 6AN8	4500 micromhos	30mA 15mA	1780-ohms 4.7K	-11VDC -6VDC*	'0' '21'	'15' '20'

  This is a terrible chart; one that I threw together very quickly. And, it just happened to be the three tube testers at the very top of the first 'pile' I had near my workbench. But, it does demonstrate a point. It was hard to find two tube with exactly the same transconductance but very different plate currents (which could be why Mr. Tomer makes such a bold statement), so I also chose triodes with 'closely similar' transconductance, but with either different plate currents or plate resistance to compare. The bias settings reflect that even 'closely similar' tubes are not set up identically. The '*' seen at the 6AN8 indicates that my Precise 111 tube chart did not have a listing for the 6AN8; I followed the owner's manual for determining your own settings, and chose the bias setting as given in the 'Typical Operation' section from an RCA tube manual. The only two tubes I could find 'quickly' that met Mr. Tomer's concern did not 'pan out'. Remember; EIA/RETMA standards exist so that all 6L6's (as one example) will have similar specifications. Your tester will show slight variances, not 'black and white'. The results should be more like shades of gray. If you took a 12AX7 and a 12AT7, each with all lettering removed, a tube tester would absolutely be able to tell you which was which. You could never mistake a weak 12AX7 for a 12AT7. And finally; the difference between an AC and a DC meter is that the DC meter will have a rectifier hidden in the casing. I've never been able to figure out the problem Mr. Tomer has with DC meters, other than the fact that the 'Dynamic' tester is not actually testing transconductance. It is really making an AC amplification test. In the end, we want to pick out bad tubes, and the Jackson 648 can do just that.
• Also from Mr. Tomer; 'Dynamic' testers apply the same voltages to all tubes, and only the meter shunt ('Sensitivity') is adjusted to keep meter readings 'inside' the appropriate scale. He laments that biasing requirements, sharpness, cutoff, and the like, are totally ignored. The downside to this is you can often overdrive the tube into the positive grid region. This causes the grid to conduct, and loads down the test signal source. The resulting test reading will be lowered, and therefore meaningless. This is why I prefer tube testers that allow for bias adjustment. But I will still collect any tube tester; I understand the shortcomings of the 'lower end' examples, and won't put stock into their readings without comparing those reading to several other testers.

All in all, you should compare readings from different tube testers, and decide for yourself if you can 'trust' any one tube tester. If you like the Jackson 648 (as I do), use it. It has a very good 'Shorts' test, and has a much appreciated 'Life Test'. Yes, the test voltages are similar for a 6V6 as they are for a 6SL7. Yes, we are using a DC meter movement. You can still test your tubes for overall 'quality', determine how much 'life' you have left in that particular tube, and pick out tubes with leakage between various elements. What more do you need?

I am letting you know about a 'manual' published specifically for your Jackson 648 tube tester. Written by James Cross (of Vacuum Tubes, Inc.) , this is a 'must read' for those who want to know as much about their tester as possible. Included are tube charts, schematics of various 'versions', electrical checks, and maintenance tips. Of course there is a healthy sampling of 'vintage advertising', which always interests me personally. The first printing will consist of only 25 copies, and is priced at $24US per copy. You can write James via jim@vacuumtubesinc.com.

For those of you in Canada, you can estimate postage rates of about $7 on top of the book price. I wish there were such manuals for many of my favorite tube testers, but I suspect the market is painfully small. Still, to have this one manual available is a very welcome option. This is a tube tester that shows up frequently on eBay, although seldom with any owner's manual included. 

I have been informed by Mr. Cross that the first printing has sold out! There will be subsequent printings (again in a 25 lot run), as demands warrants. You are best advised to check on availability of this book, or if another run is in the planning. I cannot over emphasize this; if you own a Jackson 648, you ought to have this book as well. The second printing will have 'updates' as well; schematics and operating instructions for the 648-1T, calibration instructions from the 648-1T, more chart settings allowing 12-pin tubes to be tested on older models, additional roll chart settings for all models, as well as corrections to the previously released tube chart. A lot of work has gone into this book, and it will absolutely help you get the best results from your Jackson 648, as well as assist you in getting it into top shape!